Factors Affecting Reaction Rate Essay

Introduction: In reference to the collision theory, molecules act as small spheres that collide and bounce off each other, transferring energy among themselves when the collide. In order for a reaction to occur, there must be collisions between molecules. Through experimentation, factors are discovered that influence the reaction rates of chemical reactions include the concentration of reactants, temperature, surface area, the physical state of reactants, and a catalyst. This experiment regarding the factors that affect reaction rate tests the effects of increased concentration and temperature of the hydrochloric acid solution (HCl) and also the effect of increased surface area of magnesium metal (Mg). When glow sticks are immersed in a hot water bath, it is proven that they glow with greater intensity. This proves that an increased temperature has an effect on the reaction itself, allowing molecules that make up the liquid inside the glow stick to move with greater speed, resulting in more collis ions. The balanced equation for this reaction would be: Mg (s) + 2 HCl (aq) = MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) Purpose: The objective of this laboratory experiment is to observe and record the effect of reactant concentration, reactant surface area and reactant temperature on the overall rate of reaction. Hypothesis: During this experiment, acids of different concentration are utilized, and the different reaction rates calculated. When the reactant’s concentration increases, there are more atoms per space for a collision to occur. A prediction for the effect of concentration on reaction rate would be that the higher the concentration of the reaction, the faster the reaction time. As the temperature of the reaction rate increases, the molecules will move faster, also resulting in more collisions and perhaps a faster reaction rate. Lastly, in a reaction, increasing the surface area of the solid reactant increases the number of collisions per second. The more collisions there are, the more energy is produced, and also could contribute to a  faster rate of reaction. Procedure(s): Please refer to Heath Chemistry Laboratory Experiment 18 A pg. 192-196 In Part III: Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate, only three beakers were utilized in the experiment, Beaker A containing hot water, Beaker B containing water at room temperature, and Beaker C containing iced water. The fourth beaker was not utilized due to the limited time allotted for this experiment. In this experiment, a stopwatch was not used to record time. Instead, an Apple iPhone was used to calculating the time it took for the reactions to occur completely. The device was capable of calculating time to the hundredth decimal point and an uncertainty of  ±0.01 was provided. Safety Notes: Hydrochloric acid is highly corrosive to skin, eyes and clothing. When handling it, make sure to wear safety goggles, lab aprons, plastic gloves and use a full-face shield. Wash and spills or splashes immediately with plenty of water and inform the supervising teacher. Reagent Disposal- Return any unused magnesium metal to the designated container. Any hydrochloric solutions left in the test tubes should be returned to another designated container for neutralization before being discarded down the sink. Data and Observations: Quantitative Observations- Part I- Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate Mass of 11 cm strip of Mg: 0.18 g  ± 0.01 Average mass of 1 cm strip of Mg: 0.18 g / 11 strips = 0.0163  ± 0.0001 *two significant figures (0.016) Concentration of Acid Reaction Time (in seconds)  ±0.01 Reaction Rate (g Mg/s) 0.50 M 650.66 0.000025 1.0 M 128.50 0.00013 3.0 M 33.95 0.00048 6.0 M 13.26 0.0012 Part II- Effect of Surface Area on Reaction Rate Shape of Magnesium Strip Reaction Time (in seconds)  ±0.01 Reaction Rate (g Mg/s) Test Tube A- slivers of Mg 110.40 0.00015 Test Tube B- rolled up strip of Mg 134.55 0.00012 Test Tube C- flat piece of Mg 128.05 0.00013 Part III- Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate Temperature in  °C  ±1 Reaction Time (in seconds)  ±0.01 Reaction Rate (g Mg/s) Beaker A- Heated Water Bath (57  °C) 73.35 0.00022 Beaker B- Room Temperature Water Bath (23  °C) 128.05 0.00013 Beaker C- Chilled Ice Water Bath (5 °C) 392.50 0.000042 Qualitative Observations-  Before immersion in hydrochloric acid, the magnesium strips were a dull grey colour, coated in a sort of white substance. Sandpaper was used to remove impurities from the magnesium strips, resulting in a grey strip, with a bit of metallic lustre. The strip of magnesium received was extremely malleable and was easily cut into 1 cm strips and folded into a tiny ball. During the immersion of the magnesium metal in the hydrochloric acid solution, white bubbles could be seen escaping the surface of the metal as gas was produced during the reaction. Depending on the temperature of the hydrochloric acid and the overall molar concentration, the rate of reaction differed but the same signs were shown. During the reaction between the magnesium metal and higher concentrations of hydrochloric acid, it was observed that the test tube grew quite warm to the touch. As the immersed magnesium strip sank down, it appeared coated in a layer of white bubbles that fizzed like a carbonated drink. In the lower concentrations of hydrochloric acid, the strip spent some time floating at the surface of the solution in the test tube, later sinking down to the bottom as the bubbles died down. According to the balanced equation, the white bubbles that rose to the surface are hydrogen gas (H2 (g)) bubbles produced as one of the products in the reaction. During the reaction, as the magnesium reacted with the hydrochloric acid solution, there was a strong metallic scent that came from the open system, especially in when the magnesium strip was dissolved in the strongest concentration of hydrochloric acid. After the reaction, no trace of the magnesium metal remained in the test tube. The test tube was filled with a completely clear aqueous solution. Questions and Calculations: 1.See attached graph #1: Reaction Rate vs. Concentration of HCl (aq) and graph #2: Reaction Rate vs. Temperature Data. 2. a) Please refer to Reaction Rate vs. Concentration of HCl (aq). As the concentration increases, the rate of reaction increases as well, due to the higher number of molecules colliding with each other. b) As the surface area of the surface area increases, the reaction rate also speeds up. This happens because there is a greater surface area available for reaction. c) Please refer to Reaction Rate vs. Temperature Data. As the temperature increases, the rate of reaction increases. This is due to the increased kinetic energy, allowing the molecules to collide more often and with more energy. 3. Please refer to Reaction Rate vs. Concentration of HCl (aq). As shown on the graph, as the concentration doubles, the reaction rate also doubles approximately (due to sources of error). Although this seems to be the case in this experiment, it doesn’t necessarily mean th at this statement is true for all reactions. The orders of reactions and equations that calculate the rate have to also be taken into consideration. 4. In Part II, the small slivers of magnesium produced the fastest reaction. This is due to in increase in surface area, by cutting the one-centimeter strip into tiny slivers, allowed more surface area to be exposed to the hydrochloric acids, allowing for a quicker reaction rate. 5. Please refer to Reaction Rate vs. Temperature Data. When the test tube containing the hydrochloric acid solution was immersed in the ice water bath, it produced the slowest reaction rate and time. This is a result of the slowing of molecules due to decrease in temperature. As the kinetic energy and movement of the molecules decrease, the reaction rate also decreases due to the reduced number of collisions between molecules. 6. a) Please refer to Reaction Rate vs. Concentration of HCl (aq). For a 1 cm strip of magnesium metal to react with 4.0 M hydrochloric acid, the reaction time would be 21 seconds, calculated to two significant figures. b) Please refer to Reaction Rate vs. Temperature Data. For a 1 cm strip of magnesium metal to react with 1.0 M hydrochloric acid at 15  °C, the reaction time would be 190 seconds, calculated to two significant figures. 7. Please refer to Reaction Rate vs. Temperature. Doubling the temperature does increase the reaction rate, due to faster moving particles, but it doesn’t necessarily double the reaction rate. The increase in kinetic energy  provides many more collisions between molecules, but the energy coming from the molecular collisions does not exactly double. Follow-Up Questions: 1. It is possible to vary the factors of concentration, surface area and temperature in a way to prevent a reaction from happening. As the concentration of a solution decreases in molarity, there are fewer atoms per space for the collision to occur. By lowering the temperature drastically, it slows down the movement of particles so that the collisions are few in number and release less energy when molecules bump against each other. It is the same with surface area, as the density becomes greater and the sides exposed to the chemical reaction decrease, it lowers to rate of reaction significantly. In order to prevent a reaction from happening at all, the temperature should be extremely cold, the concentration as low as possible and the density of the reactant (ex. magnesium metal) as dense as possible, perhaps a large brick. This is only a hypothesis though, and as studied in reaction kinetics, every reaction requires a minimum amount of energy in order to react. By not achieving that bare minimum of activation energy required, a reaction will not occur. 2. The definition of a catalyst would be a substance that speeds up a reaction, but remains chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction. After adding a catalyst to the reaction between the solid magnesium metal and aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid, the reaction rate would increase, due to the provision of an alternative route for the reaction with lower activation energy. This does not lower the overall activation energy, but simply provides a different route for the reaction to happen where the molecules collide more often. 3. Kindling wood has more surface area and has a lower density, making it easier for the fire to burn due to the increased area of exposure to oxygen (O2). The mass of kindling is also lower than a log, allowing it to heat up quickly to the temperature needed for a combustion reaction to occur. A log is very dense and has a larger mass, therefore taking a longer time to heat it up to the point where a combustion reaction would occur. 4. When a person blows on a smoldering fire, the level of oxygen is increased. Oxygen is a key component in a combustion reaction, is it needed as a fuel in order for the reaction to occur. This will increase the temperature, which speeds up the kinetic energy of the molecules molecules, allowing for more collision energy and a  faster rate of reaction. Conclusion and Error Analysis: In conclusion, it was discovered that an increase in concentration, surface area and temperature all contributed to a faster rate of reaction, developing a conclusion that all of these are factors that affect the rate of reaction. As predicted in the hypothesis, the application of the collision theory was a key factor in the increasing the reaction rate as the concentration of HCl (0.50-6.0 M HCl), surface area of Mg (slivers, rolled, and flat) and temperature of HCl (5  °C- 57  °C) was increased. The highest concentration of HCl (6.0 M) produced the faster reaction rate of 0.0012 g Mg/s. When the magnesium metal was cut into tiny slivers, this also produced a faster reaction rate of 0.0015 g Mg/s. As hydrochloric acid solution was warmed in a hot water bath to a temperature of 57  °C, it produced a reaction rate of 0.00022 g Mg/s. This experiment was not perfect, and there were many sources of error during the process of completing this laboratory experiment. The magnesium metal utilized was coated in a dull, white coating, due to the exposure of magnesium to the oxygen in the environment, producing magnesium oxide (MgO). Sandpaper was utilized to try and remove most of the magnesium oxide coating, this also contributed to the sources of error because the sandpaper was not new and had contamination from the substances it had been used on before. Test tubes were used in the experiment, but through careful observation, some of the test tubes had not been properly cleaned, and contained minimal residue inside from previous experiments, perhaps contaminating the hydrochloric acid solution. As the magnesium metal was cut into slivers, particles of the magnesium might have been stuck to the blades of the scissors or the napkin the slivers were put on, lowering the mass and creating another error for the experiment. There was confusion during the solution preparation stage about the labelling on the jars of hydrochloric acid solution, and a new solution had to be prepared by the supervising teacher. An Apple iPhone was used to collect the reaction time, and the measurement recording was restricted due to the number of decimal places the iPhone could time to, and uncertainties had to be provided alongside the measurement data collected. There was also a source of error for the time the magnesium metal was dropped into the acid solution, as starting the time as soon as the magnesium entered the acid was  very difficult. References: Hebden Chemistry 12: Workbook for Students, Unit 1: Reaction Kinetics, pg. 1-36 Heath Chemistry Laboratory Experiments, Experiment 18 A: Factors Affecting Reaction Rate, pages. 192-196 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Kinetics/Factors_That_Affect_Reaction_Rates This website was used on October 3, 2014 to help develop a better understanding of collision theory in order to explain the various factors affecting the rate of reaction.

Rosa Parks

Harris 1 Diamond Harris English II Mr. Love 21 September 2012 I'm doing my report on Rosa Parks. What Rosa Parks did changed people from the very moment she did it. It sent a powerful message to people that she was tired of being second-guessed by people. When the white man told Rosa Parks to get to the back; when she didn't. She basically changed history after that moment. Rosa Parks stood up for what she believed in and nothing more. Mrs.Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley Parks, Febuary 13 ,2012 in Tuskegee, Alabama. Parks, Rosa and Steele Elaine) She was the first child of James and Leona Edwards McCauley. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) Her brother, Sylvester McCauley, now decreased, was born August 20, 2015. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) Her mother worked as a carpenter and her mother as a teacher. (Reynolds, Brain) At the age of two she moved to her grandparents' farm in Pine Level, Alabama with her mother and younger brother, Syvester. Reynolds, Brain) When she is at age eleven she's enrolled on the Montgomery Industrial School for Girls ( Miss White's School for Girls) a private institution. (Parks, Rosa; Steele Elaine, and Reynolds, Brain) After finishing Miss White's School for Girls, she went to Alabama State Teacher's College High School. (Parks, Rosa and Steele Elaine) She was unable to graduate because her mother became ill, therefore she continued to take care of their home and take care for her mother while her brother. (Parks, Rosa and Steele Elaine) Syvester worked outside of the home. Parks, Rosa and Steele Elaine) After attending Alabama State Teacher's College, the young Rosa settled in Montgomery, with her husband, Raymond Parks. (Reynolds, Brain) The couple joined the local chapter of the NACCP(National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) and worked quietly for many years to improve the lot of African-Americans in the segregated south. ( Reynolds, Brain) She worked as a secretary for the Montgomery, Alabama branch of t he NAACP. (McWilliams, Thelma) She had attended the Highlander Folk School six months before her arrest. McWilliams, Thelma ) On December 1, 1955 in Montgomery, Parks, while she in the sitting black section of bus, she refused to obey a public bus driver's orders to give her seat to a white man and over to the back of the bus to make extra seats for whites. (McWilliams, Thelma ) I know someone had take the step and I made up my mind not to move. (Moncur, Michael) Rosa was tired of being a second-class citizen and stood firmly. (McWilliams, Thelma ) She was arrested, tried and convicted for disorderly conduct and for violating a local ordinance. (McWilliams, Thelma )Rosa Parks was nationally recognized as the â€Å"mother of the modern day civil rights movement† in America. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) After the arrest black people of Montgomery and sympathizers of other races organized and promoted a boycott of that city bus that lasted 381 days. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was appointed the spokesperson for the Bus Boycott and taught nonviolence to all participants. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) Contingent with the protest in Montgomery, others took shape throughout the south and the country. Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) They took form as sit-ins, eat-ins, swim-ins, and similar causes. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) Thousands of courageous people joined the â€Å"protest† to demand equal rights for all people. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) In 1957, Mrs. Parks and her husband moved to Detroit, Michigan where Mrs. Parks served on the staff of U. S. Respresentative John Conyers. (Reynolds, Brain) The Sounthern Christian Leadership Council established an annual Rosa Parks Freedom Award in her honor. Reynolds, Brain) In Febuary, 1987 she co-funded the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institure for Self Development with Ms. Elaire Eason Steele in honor of her husband, Raymond (1903-1977). (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) The purpose is to motivate and diect youth not targeted by other progams to achieve their highest potential. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) The Institure sponors an annual summer progam for teenagers called Pathways to FreedomPark. ( Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) President Clinton presented Rosa Parks with the Presidental Medal of Freedom in 1996 and she also received a Congressional Gold Medal in 1999. Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) â€Å"The Rosa Parks Story† was filmed in Montgomery, Alabama May 2001, an aired Febuary 24, 2002 on the CBS television network. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine)†I have learned over the years that one's mind, this dimishes fear; knowing what must done does away with fear† ,quotes Rosa Parks. (Moncur, Michael) I remember going to sleep as a girl hearing the Klan ride at night and hearing a lynching and being afraid the house would burn down. (Reynolds, Brain) Rosa Parks Harris 1 Diamond Harris English II Mr. Love 21 September 2012 I'm doing my report on Rosa Parks. What Rosa Parks did changed people from the very moment she did it. It sent a powerful message to people that she was tired of being second-guessed by people. When the white man told Rosa Parks to get to the back; when she didn't. She basically changed history after that moment. Rosa Parks stood up for what she believed in and nothing more. Mrs.Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley Parks, Febuary 13 ,2012 in Tuskegee, Alabama. Parks, Rosa and Steele Elaine) She was the first child of James and Leona Edwards McCauley. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) Her brother, Sylvester McCauley, now decreased, was born August 20, 2015. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) Her mother worked as a carpenter and her mother as a teacher. (Reynolds, Brain) At the age of two she moved to her grandparents' farm in Pine Level, Alabama with her mother and younger brother, Syvester. Reynolds, Brain) When she is at age eleven she's enrolled on the Montgomery Industrial School for Girls ( Miss White's School for Girls) a private institution. (Parks, Rosa; Steele Elaine, and Reynolds, Brain) After finishing Miss White's School for Girls, she went to Alabama State Teacher's College High School. (Parks, Rosa and Steele Elaine) She was unable to graduate because her mother became ill, therefore she continued to take care of their home and take care for her mother while her brother. (Parks, Rosa and Steele Elaine) Syvester worked outside of the home. Parks, Rosa and Steele Elaine) After attending Alabama State Teacher's College, the young Rosa settled in Montgomery, with her husband, Raymond Parks. (Reynolds, Brain) The couple joined the local chapter of the NACCP(National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) and worked quietly for many years to improve the lot of African-Americans in the segregated south. ( Reynolds, Brain) She worked as a secretary for the Montgomery, Alabama branch of t he NAACP. (McWilliams, Thelma) She had attended the Highlander Folk School six months before her arrest. McWilliams, Thelma ) On December 1, 1955 in Montgomery, Parks, while she in the sitting black section of bus, she refused to obey a public bus driver's orders to give her seat to a white man and over to the back of the bus to make extra seats for whites. (McWilliams, Thelma ) I know someone had take the step and I made up my mind not to move. (Moncur, Michael) Rosa was tired of being a second-class citizen and stood firmly. (McWilliams, Thelma ) She was arrested, tried and convicted for disorderly conduct and for violating a local ordinance. (McWilliams, Thelma )Rosa Parks was nationally recognized as the â€Å"mother of the modern day civil rights movement† in America. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) After the arrest black people of Montgomery and sympathizers of other races organized and promoted a boycott of that city bus that lasted 381 days. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was appointed the spokesperson for the Bus Boycott and taught nonviolence to all participants. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) Contingent with the protest in Montgomery, others took shape throughout the south and the country. Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) They took form as sit-ins, eat-ins, swim-ins, and similar causes. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) Thousands of courageous people joined the â€Å"protest† to demand equal rights for all people. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) In 1957, Mrs. Parks and her husband moved to Detroit, Michigan where Mrs. Parks served on the staff of U. S. Respresentative John Conyers. (Reynolds, Brain) The Sounthern Christian Leadership Council established an annual Rosa Parks Freedom Award in her honor. Reynolds, Brain) In Febuary, 1987 she co-funded the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institure for Self Development with Ms. Elaire Eason Steele in honor of her husband, Raymond (1903-1977). (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) The purpose is to motivate and diect youth not targeted by other progams to achieve their highest potential. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) The Institure sponors an annual summer progam for teenagers called Pathways to FreedomPark. ( Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) President Clinton presented Rosa Parks with the Presidental Medal of Freedom in 1996 and she also received a Congressional Gold Medal in 1999. Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) â€Å"The Rosa Parks Story† was filmed in Montgomery, Alabama May 2001, an aired Febuary 24, 2002 on the CBS television network. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine)†I have learned over the years that one's mind, this dimishes fear; knowing what must done does away with fear† ,quotes Rosa Parks. (Moncur, Michael) I remember going to sleep as a girl hearing the Klan ride at night and hearing a lynching and being afraid the house would burn down. (Reynolds, Brain)

Listening And Writing In Esol Planning And Teaching Education Essay

Talking, listening, reading and composing are considered to be reciprocally mutualist upon one another in linguistic communication acquisition. Although talking coherently and clearly is by and large recognised as the most of import end for 2nd linguistic communication ( L2 ) talkers, peculiarly ESOL talkers ( Murphy 1991:52 ) , competency in reading and composing finish a scholar ‘s proficiency in L2. Speaking and hearing may be described as the major accomplishment countries of interpersonal communicating ( Murphy 1991: 52 ) . Whether through synergistic or teacher-instruction, the hearing accomplishment will find how scholars develop eloquence and competency in the linguistic communication being learnt ( Nation and Newton 2009 ; Ellis 2003 ) . Listening is cardinal in linguistic communication acquisition because it non merely aids competency in speech production, but besides in reading. Ellis ( 2003 ) has noted that research workers and instructors have their ain purposes in prosecuting hearing as a linguistic communication accomplishment. For research workers, listening provides agencies for look intoing scholars ‘ ability to treat specific lingual characteristics ( Ellis 2003: 37 ) . In position of this, he suggests that focused undertakings can be devised by ‘seeding ‘ the input with the targeted characteristic and planing the undertaking in such a manner that the merchandise result can merely be achieved if the scholars are successful in treating the targeted characteristic. Therefore, listening undertakings provide an first-class agencies for mensurating whether scholars have acquired the characteristic in inquiry. On the other manus, listening accomplishments can be devised to ease the acquisition o f the targeted characteristic ( Ellis 2003: 37 ) . This essay discusses how the four linguistic communication accomplishments of hearing, reading, speech production and composing are mutualist in assisting a scholar achieve competency in larning English as a 2nd linguistic communication. As we already know, synergistic linguistic communication larning depends a batch on listening and talking accomplishments ( Ellis 2003 ) . However, a good balanced linguistic communication class which consists of four approximately equal strands of learning/instruction in the linguistic communication schoolroom ( Nation and Newton 2009 ) , known as meaning-focused input, meaning-focused end product, language-focused acquisition, and eloquence development, conveying out the common dependence of the four linguistic communication accomplishments. The four strands methodological analysis as described by Nation and Newton ( 2009:1 ) may be summarised as follows: larning though meaning-focused input, that is, larning through hearing and reading where the learners'attention is on the thoughts and messages conveyed by the linguistic communication larning through meaning-focused end product, that is, larning through speech production and composing where the learners'attention is on conveying thoughts and messages to another individual larning through deliberate attending to linguistic communication points and linguistic communication characteristics, that is, larning through direct vocabulary survey, grammar exercisings and account, through attending discourse characteristics and consider acquisition and pattern of linguistic communication acquisition and linguistic communication usage schemes, and larning through developing fluid usage of known linguistic communication points and characteristics over the four accomplishments of hearing, speech production, reading and composing Second linguistic communication acquisition shows that suitably focussed attending to linguistic communication points can do a really positive part to acquisition ( Doughty 2003 ; Doughty & A ; Williams, 1998 ; Ellis 2005 ) . A well-planned linguistic communication class has an appropriate balance of these four strands. Through these four strands the scholars achieve the learning ends of a linguistic communication class, viz. fluid control of sounds, spelling, vocabulary, grammar and discourse characteristics of linguistic communication, so that they can be used to pass on efficaciously. A justification of the four strands is the time-on-task rule, that is, learning-to-read by reading or learning-to-write by composing ( Nation & A ; Newton 2009:2 ) . The more clip one spends making something, the better they are likely to make it. Those who read a batch, for case, are better readers ( Cunningham & A ; Stanovich 1991 ) , and those who write a batch normally become better writes. The grounds for the four strands draws on a big and turning organic structure of research into the functions of input, end product and focussed direction on L2 acquisition and on development of speech production and reading eloquence ( Nation & A ; Newton 2009:3 ) .Meaning-focused input: acquisition through hearing and readingThe meaning-focused input strand involves larning through hearing and reading, that is utilizing linguistic communication receptively. It is called ‘meaning-focused ‘ because in all the work done in this strand, the scholars ‘ chief focal point and invol vement should be on understanding, and deriving cognition or enjoyment or both from what they listen to and read. Typical activities in this strand include extended reading, shared reading, listening to narratives, watching Television or movies, and being a hearer in a conversation ( see Hinkel 2006 ) .Meaning-focused end product larningMeaning-focused end product involves the scholars bring forthing linguistic communication through speech production and composing were the scholars ‘ focal point is on others understanding the message ( Nation & A ; Newton 2009 ) . It occurs when scholars write essays, and assignments, when they write letters, dairies, direct electronic mail and text messages to each other and when they write about their experience. As spelling is peculiarly of import in authorship, holding to compose can do scholars cognizant of the spreads in their spelling cognition ( Nation 2009:18 ) . Writing activities that can assist with spelling are copying, delayed copying, read and compose from memory, command, the assorted signifiers of guided authorship, composing with the aid of a dictionary and free authorship.Language-focused acquisitionLanguage-focused acquisition has many names ; concentrate on signifier, form-focused direction, deliberate survey and consider instruction or acquisition as opposed to acquisition, or knowing acquisition ( Nation & A ; Newton 2009:7 ) . It involves calculated acquisition of linguistic communication characteristics such as pronunciation, spelling, vocabulary, grammar and discourse. A assortment of activities may be used, such as pronunciation pattern, utilizing permutation tabular arraies and drills, larning vocabulary from word cards and intensive reading. Other activities may be interlingual rendition, memorizing duologues an acquiring feedback about authorship. There are legion techniques for giving calculated attending to spelling, for illustration. . The critical factor is doing certain that there is an appropriate balance of each of the four strands so that there is some calculated attending to spelling but this attending does non go inordinate. Deliberate attending can include a figure of activities such as screen and recover, utilizing analogies, utilizing word parts, articulating the word the manner it is spelled and visualizing. There is need to look at each of these techniques:Cover and RetrieveThe scholar writes a list of hard to spell words down the left-hand side of the page ( state 2009:19 ) . The first missive or two of each word is written following to it, for illustration: yacht Y happening O The words are studied and so covered and each word is written from memory utilizing the first missive hint. The first missive is written once more so that the activity can be repeated. yacht yacht YUsing analogiesWorking with the instructor or in little groups, the scholars think of known words that portion similar spelling characteristics to words that they have trouble in spelling. For illustration, if larning to spell ‘apply ‘ , the scholars think of the known words ‘reply ‘ , ‘supply ‘ which are words with similar spelling characteristics and sound ( Nation 2009:19 ) .Using word partsWord parts may be helpful in pulling attending to word constructing units. This may be peculiarly utile with progress scholars. For illustration, the word ‘separate ‘ contains the root ‘par ‘ which is besides in ‘part ‘ . Therefore, the spelling is ‘separate ‘ non ‘seperate ‘ .Pronouncing the word the manner it is spelledTeaching spelling is one of the great challenges of linguistic communication instruction. As a guideline, Nation ( 2009 ) encourages that students may be encouraged to i ntentionally misspeak a word like ‘yacht ‘ /yaect/ as a sort of mnemonic for spelling. Learners may besides be encouraged to look at a word, close their eyes and seek to ‘see ‘ the spelling of the word in their head. This is what is called ‘visualising ‘ a word.The instance for incorporating linguistic communication acquisition accomplishmentsAlthough a big figure of traditional methods of linguistic communication larning continue to be utile, current surveies encourage incorporating linguistic communication accomplishments in the linguistic communication schoolroom. For case, learning reading can be easy tied to instruction on authorship and vocabulary, and unwritten accomplishments lend themselves to learning pronunciation, listening and cross-cultural linguistic communication interaction ( Hinkel 2001 ; Lazaraton 2001 ; McCarthy & A ; O'keeffe 2004 ) . Task-based instruction of L2 accomplishments has built-in chances for more accurate and complex utilizations of linguistic communication ( Ellis 2003 ) . For illustration, narrations and description undertakings in fluency-focused instruction, arguments and problem-solving undertakings promote increased grammatical and lexical complexness in learner linguistic communication. Through these undertakings a significant betterment in the sum of spoken discourse and in grammatical, lexical and articulative competency is enhanced. English linguistic communication has become more internationalised, and hence, instruction of accomplishments such as pronunciation has shifted from aiming native-like speech patterns to aiming intelligibility ( Tarone 2005 ) . In this respect, instruction has to turn to issues of segmental lucidity, that is, the articulation of specific sounds, word emphasis and inflection and the length and timing of intermissions. The current attack to learning pronunciation is by and large based on three principled standards. First, pronunciation and modulation are taught in context and in concurrence with specific accomplishments. Second, direction in pronunciation serves broader communicative intents, and eventually but non least, the instruction of pronunciation and modulation is based on realistic instead than idealistic linguistic communication theoretical accounts ( Chun 2002 ) . The 1980s saw a displacement from the position of L2 listening every bit preponderantly lingual to a schema-based position, and listening teaching method moved off from its focal point on the lingual to the activation of scholars ‘ top-down cognition ( Hinkel 2006:9 ) . Emphasis now, is on the incorporate instruction of listening for communicating and in concurrence with other L2 accomplishments such as speech production, socio-pragmatics, grammar and vocabulary. The lingual and schema-driven strands of learning listening have found a niche in current incorporate attacks, such as task-based or content-based direction ( Snow 2005 ) . The design of listening pattern, for case, can integrate a figure of characteristics that make the development of L2 listening abilities relevant and realistic. Listen-and-do undertakings, for illustration, stand for a flexible beginning of listening input for get downing o intermediate scholars. The content of undertakings can be easy controlled in respect to their lingual and conventional variables, such as frequent happenings of mark syntactic and lexical constructions in the context of meaning-focused undertaking ( Ellis 2003 ) . This is done in countries of grammar buildings, words and phrases or colloquial expressions.Recent research has shed a great trade O visible radiation on the procedures and acquisition of L2 reading. As in hearing, L2 reading involves both top-down and bottom-up cognitive processing. Eskey ( 1988:95 ) suggests that the strongly top-down prejudice neglected scholars weak Aress of lingual processing. the bottom-up processing of reading involves a wide array of distinguishable subskills, such as word acknowledgment, spelling and phonological processing, morpho syntactic parsing and lexical acknowledgment ( Eskey 2005 ) . The reader needs to garner ocular information from the written text, place the significance of words, and so travel frontward to the processing of the construction and significance of lager syntactic units, such as phrases or sentences. Ocular processing of words and letters represents a cognitively complex undertaking ( Koda 1999 ; Chikmatsu 1996 ; Shimron & A ; Savon 1994 ) . Readers whose L1 writing systems are markedly diffrent from the that of L2 may be slowed down in their reading procedure by the demand to achieve fluid L2 word acknowledgment before geting text-processing accomplishments. The findings of L2 reading research on the cardinal function of bottom-up processing, word acknowledgment eloquence, and the acknowledgment of the morphophonemic construct ion of words and phrases have led to substantial displacements in reading and literacy direction to immature and big L2 scholars likewise. As an illustration, in 1999, the National Literacy Strategy in the UK introduced work on phonics, word acknowledgment, and in writing cognition primo to sentence and text degrees of direction ( Hinkel 2006:13 ) . In teacher instruction, current methodological analysis text editions reflect the alteration in positions on learning L2 reading, literacy and authorship. Most influential L2 instruction and larning publications have seen the demand to include at least a chapter on the instruction of bottom-up reading accomplishments normally followed by direction in top-down and strategic reading ( Celce-Murcia 2001 ; Carter & A ; Nunan 2001 ; Mckay 1993 ; Nunan 1999, 2003 ; Wallace 1993 ) .

Communiction Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Communiction Theories - Essay Example Production of communication is on different levels with different kinds of individuals. When strangers meet for the first time, they do not know a lot about each other, they converse so that they can know each other better (Littlejohn & Foss 246). The individuals go through definite steps as well as checkpoints so that uncertainty can be diminished about one other and shape a thought of whether one individual likes or detests the other. Whatever one of the individuals says cannot ultimately be true and may leave the other individual with uncertainty. As individuals communicate they make plans to achieve their goals. These plans may include passive strategies by observing the individual, active strategies by asking other individuals about the personality or looking up information, and interactive strategies by making inquiries and self-disclosure. At extremely uncertain time’s individuals become more cautious and depend more on data presented in diverse circumstances, which they find truthful. When individuals do not have a lot of certainty they lose self-assurance, in their individual plans and put together contingency plans (Littlejohn & Foss 287). Elevated heights of uncertainty builds distance among individuals and non-verbal self-expression have a propensity to assist in the trim down of this uncertainty. Berger generates theorems by combining axioms to capitulate a predictable conclusion. For instance, if connection reduces uncertainty and diminished uncertainty elevates liking, then it is obvious that connection and liking are optimistically interconnected. This can be proved because this correlation exists in extensively reputable findings in studies on interpersonal

Examine the nature and limits of the EU as a global actor with Assignment

Examine the nature and limits of the EU as a global actor with particular reference to trade, aid, security and politics regarding its relations with Ukraine - Assignment Example However, given the complex limits specified by EU to its member states, it has become impossible to admit Ukraine. Ukraine is considered a defiant member since in most occasions it has failed to agree on EU limits. On the other hand, the country has not upgraded to partnership status ‘similar to that accorded to Russia’ given its low volume on trade and quality of infrastructure. The incoming research will examine the nature of limits that have continued binding successfully status maturity. The report will demonstrate the power of European union in different perspectives, most especially sanctions against Russia. As well, the report will investigate EU security ability against possible aggression. The report will prove that the current political crises are not near conclusion given that membership into the union has taken a different form. The current problem began with Ukraine refusing to sign a trade deal with European Union. The treaty that was both an economic and political entity compelled Ukraine to be subjective to European Union. There were a number of political crises, which resulted to questions of corruption. Students and other young people constantly protested against the incoming and outgoing regimes. In fact, concerns of corruption polarized the entire scene. Militia who continued fighting in the countryside joined rowdy youths. As a result, the country has heavily been balkanized by gangs wanting to control different areas. The number of current segments is four. Meanwhile, Russia annexed Crimea due to gas concerns. This made the Kiev based government to panic. As such, Ukraine is being involved in one of the worst trading zone disputes of the 21st, century. As a result, the country has been entangled in a revolutionary political arena. At the center, the European Union (EU) backed by the United States is promoting policies, which compels Ukraine to

Genetics and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Genetics and Society - Essay Example Diploid cells which are destined to produce the male and female reproductive cells undergo a type of cell division referred to as meiosis by which the chromosomes present in the parent cell is reduced to half to form four reproductive haploid cells called gametes. This process of separation and assortment of the homologous chromosomes occurs at random and the resulting haploid cells do not contain only paternal or maternal chromosomes but a mixture of genes from both parental chromosomes. This independent assortment of genes was first observed by Mendel when he was studying the genetics of pea plants and from his study he formulated the principle of independent assortment. The process of meiosis which is responsible for the production of gametes occurs via this principle of independent assortment. Meiosis begins with the replication of a pair of chromosomes in the diploid germ cells which are destined to become male or female gametes. The replicated chromosomal pairs are called siste r chromatids which are initially joined at the central point called the centromere. As the meiotic spindle forms at each pole of the cell with the help of microtubules, the two pairs of homologous chromosomes form tetrads within which any two chromosomes can overlap or recombine to form recombinant DNA which gives rise to new genetic combinations. This process is called crossing-over. Following this the pair of chromatids are pulled towards each pole of the cell and the chromosomal pair is enclosed within a nuclei. The cell then undergoes cytokinesis during which the cytoplasm divides into two giving rise to two daughter cells each containing a haploid chromosome. Thus meiosis is an important process during which pairs of homologous chromosomes are independently assorted to give rise to haploid gametes and also the chromosomes in the tetrad stage recombine to form new combination of genes which is

Female and Male Political Elites in the U.S Essay

Female and Male Political Elites in the U.S - Essay Example Although great achievements have been made with regards women's rights, equality and representation in the past decades, the number of legislators and women in the cabinet still comprise of a few female elites. Only sixteen percent of women hold seats in the Congress and five females serve in President Bush's cabinet (Wolbrecht 1-10). In recent years, two women served as Secretary of State and another one will be serving with the President-elect once he assumes office. Another great stride for women is when Nancy Pelosi was elected Speaker of the House just recently. However, during the last election, the number of women seeking office for state legislatures faced a decline as compared to the previous elections and membership of women in national groups that could enhance their political influence also dropped in number.1 This is interesting to note as research have shown that the lower level of nominations and elections in the past contributed to the dearth of women in politics. How ever, this does not mean that women are disadvantaged in experience or sources of fund (Gaddie and Bullock, 761). On the contrary, women who sought office fared equally well with males in terms of financial ability. Gaddie and Bullock also asserts that the decline in the number of seats in crucial and elite positions in politics can be attributed to the dismal percentage of nominees among republicans (761). What is striking is that women who held more experience have a high probability of getting elected whereas voters pick men who are less experienced than women with less experience (Gaddie and Bullock 97). Nevertheless, women are still hesitant to run for office (Dolan in Wolbrecht 1-10). This only illustrates, that for women to achieve equal representation in the elite political circles, more women should run for office and gain further experience. In addition, there are factors that hinder women from achieving equal power and representation in contemporary political life. Although politics held a significance place for women before their enfranchisement, the realization of women's suffrage came after nearly a century of struggle. Yet this lengthy struggle only brought forth gender equality and equal citizenship but not equal representation and power in politics. (Wolbrecht, 6). Moreover, although women serve in different areas of politics, especially in legislature where their chances of increasing influence is considerable, this service is not matched by an increase in authority and power as they are thwarted by party affiliations, committees and caucuses (Reingold 33). Even Hillary Clinton, the most elite of the female politicians and a former first lady, is considered a mere 'junior senator' whose tenure in office is relatively short in the standard of a male elite politician. This is worsened by the perceived disparity of political focus that exists between male and female politicians. The notion that women enter politics on gender basis and considerations is asserted in the work of Kirkpatrick (242). Scholars observe that politics are different when women are involved (Wolbrecht, 5) and contend that activism plays a major role for decision and policy-making of a female politician. Naples, for instance, purports that the path that most female politician tread is one that center on progressive and

Effective Team & Performance Management Assignment

Effective Team & Performance Management - Assignment Example However, effective team management is not at all a simple and easy task. Whenever a group of individuals with different approaches and mindsets work in collaboration towards common and shared goals, effective team management is the consequence (Cokins, 2010, pp. 81). In relation to the effective team and performance management, this thesis report intends to surface the key issues, experiences, and effective solutions to the problems encountered during the group tasks performed in the seminar activities. This is imperative to comprehend because the models and experiences would enable the development of the wisdom of how the learning experiences from participating in group-activities facilitates in developing personal reflection. Seminar is one of the methods that brings together numerous people under one roof to perform various activities and tasks that can bring forth the hidden skills and abilities of an individual. Several theories and models come under application that reflects th e effective team and performance management during the seminar activities. ... to the Goleman Emotional Intelligence, which is a behavioral model that helps understand the learned abilities including self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management (Salovey, Brackett & Mayer, 2004, pp. 90). Reflection Reflection upon Seminar Activities Seminar activities involve a number of people who work in amalgamation as a team that can lead to successful completion of the group activities and tasks. In any tasks, the group members come across quite a few issues and discrepancies due to having different approach, mindsets, perceptions, attitudes, behaviors, personalities, mental ability, motivation, and prior experiences. However, the effective team and performance management comes as a result when all the members resolve the issues and internal inconsistencies (Cecil & Rothwell, 2006, pp. 375-376). While taking into account the first seminar tasks, it was about 'lost on the moon', where my team members and me were supposed to rank few items wi th reference to their significance for survival. According to this assignment, our spaceship had a crash-landing on the moon and it destroyed all equipments on board except for the few items due to which the scheduling of the meeting with the mother ship could not happen. The saved items included matchbox, food concentrate, nylon rope, parachute silk, portable heating unit, pistols, dehydrated milk, oxygen tanks, stellar map, life raft, magnetic compass, water, first-aid kit, and FM receiver transmitter. We had to select the most critical items that can help save the crew until the mother ship reaches us. While looking at the model of the Belbin team roles, the way in which an individual behaves and intermingles with other members of the team that lead to the effective movement of the team

ART history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ART history - Essay Example If we look at Monet’s Impression, Sunrise and at the following works of Impressionist artists, we will see not only certain concepts but also some beautiful, aesthetically pleasing images. Then, gradually, works of art changed and the concept of beauty changed, too. Can Picasso’s Guernica be called a masterpiece? Certainly. Can it be called beautiful in the traditional, classic sense? Not exactly. In Picasso’s works for example – and in Cubism as a whole – reality is not what the artist sees but what he himself creates. The idea of this style is to take reality, destroy it in your imagination and then recreate it on the canvas. Other styles of the late 19th and early 20th century also took a novel approach to reality – Dadaism and Surrealism, for example. Marcel Duchamp worked in both styles and his works also represent this change. The third change in the definition of art is the growing role of political and social views in artistic works. This is the case with Dadaism, mentioned above. Rejection of traditional artistic values was for Dadaists a way to reject traditional social and political values which, according to them, led to World War One. This change is visible not only in the visual arts but also in music. The music of the 19th and 20th century had a significant social element. The specific ideas may be different around the world but the general change is the same – social ideas were reflected in music. For example, styles like gospel, soul, and spiritual have all evolved in the social context in which African people lived in America in 19th century. If we take a look at what buildings looked like in the past (in the Antiquity, in the Middle Ages, in the Renaissance, and in the Enlightenment), we will see their elaborate beauty. Buildings were meant not only to be used according to their purpose, but also to be admired. Therefore, they had ample ornamentation and numerous details. All the changes described above bring about e

Facebook.com Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Facebook.com - Research Paper Example Media researchers and experts today offer new methods to interact that have their basis on the internet as a means of communication. Modern media has created a completely new world, especially in social relations and has managed to create significant changes in the societal communications. The most recent form of human relations has been shepherded by the internet and social networks. Through sharing their private world and minimizing physical distance, Facebook.com and other social networks provide an easier way. Every user is at the same level, apparently, and can experience widespread communication in spite of geographical and political borders. The increasing tendency towards Facebook shows that the internet has been greatly affected by it. Considering this, Facebook.com is a pioneer in social networks and is considered as the world’s largest site. With the spread of Facebook, relations are now wider and closer than they have been in the past. In fact, Facebook has now bec ome a part of people’s lives, which is inseparable; it has both negative and positive effects on a person’s life. It is believed by various experts that Facebook has seen relationships enter a new phase where individuals are more aware of one another faster and better. However, on the other hand, other experts believe that Facebook has created many issues. The excessive use of the social networking site, for example, could lead to serious psychological issues that include sever excitement, egotism, anti-social behaviors, and teenage aggression. Facebook users of all ages, it is believed, are more susceptible to getting psychological disorders than those, not on the site (Foregger 26). Based on an announcement by Facebook, there are 200,000 new users each day, which has turned the site into a human network of hundreds of millions (Kord 41). The networking site’s increasing popularity has led to some remarkable commercial perspectives for internet profiteers as th ey each attempt to take control of some piece of the site. This popularity, meanwhile, has been harnessed in pushing social and political programs. Facebook and other similar social networking sites apparently work to form a space for electronic presence of persons, although they are in the service of intelligence and news organizations (Kord 41). While Facebook membership is free, nothing is ever free, and in order to use the free electronic services provided by Facebook, people have to put most of their mysteries at these network’s disposal (Kord 42). Julian Assange, the founder of whistle blowing site Wiki leaks, claims that the site is probably the most efficient and hateful spying tool that the US government has created to this point. In addition, he contends that that anyone adding their names and their friends’ characteristics to Facebook needs to be aware that he/she is acting in the interest of spying agencies in the United States, acting to complete their dat abase for them. Facebook, according to Assange, acts as a large database of records and names of various individuals that each user puts at the disposal of the site voluntarily. However, the same tool is also used by spying agencies in the US, which have access to the information saved by the user on Facebook, which can be taken as a dangerous means against other countries (Kord 43). A number of experts have also pointed out that Facebook harms family integration, creating numerous issues for families and young people (Golbeck 37). One recent example of this is the incidence in which a number of lawyers from the United States announced that 20% of divorces in the country came from Facebook related incidents. Indeed, Facebook’

Of Morality and Spirituality Essay Example for Free

Of Morality and Spirituality Essay The moral sacred Philippines started from a dream, and now that it continues to progress it can be one good evidence that as long as someone believes in an idea, it can be possible. As long as its aim is for the goodness of the citizens, it can be a reality. This concept does not want to create a world of perfection but rather a world of morality and spirituality. That world is where we can clearly distinguish the right ones from the bad. It is where we can not only think about ourselves but also the community, the government, and the nation. This dream can all be possible if we just go and believe that the land where we stand can be a better habitat of mankind. From Genesis 1:27, God created mankind in His own image. This verse proves that each of us is spiritual at heart. We just have to go and find the path through our hearts. We are created in His likeness which gives us the realization that all living things have something good in the inside. If we believe, make something to make this work, the moral sacred Philippines will make sense. A. WRITING AS A SOCIAL ACT The event connects with how writing can be a social act. In the said event, one does not only think about himself but also for the people around him. As for writing, a writer does not only write for him or for him to understand but also for his readers and audience. You write alone, but you always write for others. Readers matter. Once a writer sets his or her thoughts to any medium, whether paper, blog, status update, there is the potential for audience interaction. Ideas and creativity are created outside ourselves. Writers can never be more creative without the experiences and thoughts the people have. They continue to interact with people. Writing is a social act. Writers choose to see the beauty and brilliance of the world around them. Writing is nothing without the world and mind that surrounds them. B. WRITING AS A MORAL ACT Morality and spirituality is what the event focuses on. As for writing, writers do not only write everything that flows from their thinking, he must be careful. Something that anyone who writes words of any kind would do well to remember. Words have their moral consequences. The responsibility is particularly great for writers who deal with spiritual issues. Every word they write leaves its mark upon their soul and upon the souls of those who read their work. Their words may become sacraments, visible signs of an invisible grace, or they may turn to poison and ashes. It may signify the abyss or nothing at all. Writers must strive against mediocrity in one’s work, aiming always higher for lucidity of thought and beauty of expression with still being careful with the words they use. Every piece they make has an effect in this world. They are part of our moral conversation as a society. They weigh in. The creation of literature worthy not only its high artistic calling but of his stature as a creature created in the image and likeness of God.

Effect of Art Essay Example for Free

Effect of Art Essay Traditionally, we have believed that art imitates life. The painter represents what he or she sees by producing a scene on a canvas. The sculptor does the same with bronze or stone. A photographer or film maker does it even more directly. A writer describes life in his or her books. This simple concept is known as mimesis. But some have questioned the one-way nature of mimesis by arguing that art also changes the way we view the world, and in fact, life sometimes imitates art rather than the other way around. The person who first articulated this belief effectively was Oscar Wilde. Speaking about the foggy conditions in London in the late 19th century, he wrote that the way we perceive them changed because of art. Referring to the wonderful brown fogs that come creeping down our streets, blurring the gas lamps and turning houses into shadows he argued that poets and painters have taught [people] the loveliness of such effects. According to Wilde, They did not exist till Art had invented them. And you don’t have to look too far to see anti-mimesis in our lives. To what extent is our outlook on life altered by ideas we read in books? The portrayal of people in films? The styles we see in fashion photography? One great example of this is the TV series The Sopranos, and how it affected both the Mafia in the USA and the FBI. Art’s influence on society: propaganda and censorship Throughout history, it has always been the case that art has the power to change society, especially when new media are used to express an idea. During the First World War, for example, movie cameras were used for the first time to record trench warfare – when the film was shown in cinemas in Britain, audiences ran out screaming. This led to the government censoring further such use of such a powerful medium. And in government censorship, and use of art as propaganda, we see how seriously governments take the effect of art. All of the major dictators of the C20th understood the power of art to influence the population. In Nazi Germany, Hitler set up the Ministry of Propaganda and National Enlightenment. It was headed by Goebbels, who made sure that nothing was published, performed, or exhibited without his approval. When this happens, you know there isn’t going to be a happy ending. And what Goebbels approved, of course, only fit in with Nazi ideology and ideas. In terms of art, this meant no modern and abstract art, certainly nothing hostile to the regime, and nothing that featured images other than the stereotypical blonde-haired, blue eyed set in idyllic pastoral scenes of blissful happiness. In Stalinist Russia, there was also a keen understanding of the power of art. Art portrayed contented peasants, industrious workers, and Stalin himself. In fact, Stalin was shown god-like in many paintings, a phenomenon known as the Cult of Stalin. Just as in Germany, gigantic architectural projects expressed the power of the state. However, there is no doubt that in Russia there were greater artistic achievements than in Nazi Germany. Composers worked with fewer hindrances – as seen in the works by Prokoviev and Shostakovich, and film-makers such as Eisenstein emerged. Art’s influence on society: the trial of Lady Chatterley’s Lover But even under less oppressive governments, the artistic expression of certain ideas can be subject to control. One great example is the book ‘Lady Chatterley’s Lover’ by DH Lawrence, which was deemed offensive on many levels. In this book, Constance Reid, a woman from a progressive liberal middle class family marries a minor member of the aristocracy, Lord Clifford Chatterley, and takes the title ‘Lady Chatterley’. But her husband is injured in the First World War, confined to a wheelchair, and left impotent. Despite this, he becomes a successful writer and businessman. It is more his obsession with financial success and fame rather than any physical difficulties which come between him and his wife, and she begins an affair with their gamekeeper, Oliver Mellors. The largely aristocratic ‘establishment’ of Britain at the time – the book was published in Italy in 1928 were shocked by many aspects of the book. First, there was the fact that the book was ‘obscene’, in the way it went into explicit detail the affair that took place (see below). Second, there was the fact that a women was breaking her marriage vows, something considered far worse than a man behaving in the same way. Finally, it represented an intimate relationship between a member of the ‘lower’ classes (although it emerges during the story that Mellors is actually well-educated, and became an officer in the army during the First World War) and the ‘upper’ classes, a concept that was totally taboo in Britain at that time. The book was duly banned. But the book was republished by Penguin books in 1960. The attorney general, Reginald Manningham-Buller (dubbed ‘Bullying-Manners’ by the journalist and author Bernard Levin) had to read only four chapters to decide to prosecute Penguin books for publishing it. What annoyed him was not just the content, but the fact that the price of the book meant it was affordable to women and members of the lower classes (remember that only few women worked at this time, and husbands were generally in charge of family finances). The trial was a disaster for Manningham-Buller and the prosecution. They had failed to find any experts to support their case, in stark contrast to Penguin’s defence team, which had brought in authors, journalists, academics, and even members of the clergy to defend the book. Manningham-Buller and his team had very little idea of what Lawrence had been trying to express in his book, regularly being caught out by the superior insight of the witnesses they were trying to catch out. And although they tried to shock the jury – in his opening speech, Manningham-Buller announced: The word fuck or fucking appears no less than 30 times . . . Cunt 14 times; balls 13 times; shit and arse six times apiece; cock four times; piss three times, and so on. they were unable to prove that the book would have a negative influence on the readers it was aimed at. According to the Guardian: No other jury verdict in British history has had such a deep social impact. Over the next three months Penguin sold 3m copies of the book – an example of what many years later was described as the Spycatcher effect, by which the attempt to suppress a book through unsuccessful litigation serves only to promote huge sales. The jury – that iconic representative of democratic society – had given its imprimatur to ending the taboo on sexual discussion in art and entertainment. Within a few years the stifling censorship of the theatre by the lord chamberlain had been abolished, and a gritty realism emerged in British cinema and drama. (Saturday Night and Sunday Morning came out at the same time as the unexpurgated Lady Chatterley, and very soon Peter Finch was commenting on Glenda Jacksons tired old tits in Sunday Bloody Sunday and Ken Tynan said the first fuck on the BBC.) Homosexuality was decriminalised, abortions were available on reasonable demand, and in order to obtain a divorce it was unnecessary to prove that a spouse had committed the matrimonial crime of adultery. Judges no longer put on black caps to sentence prisoners to hang by the neck until dead. Can we say, though, that it was art in this case that changed society, or was it an interaction between human sciences (ie, the law) and the arts (the book) that led to change? This is from the same Guardian article: †¦the message of Lady Chatterleys Lover, half a century after the trial, is that literature in itself does no harm at all. The damage that gets attributed to books – and to plays and movies and cartoons – is caused by the actions of people who try to suppress them.

Challenges in Communication: Barriers to Patient Care

Challenges in Communication: Barriers to Patient Care Hina Mirza Communication has always been a fundamental need of human beings. Communication can be defined as an act of transmitting or imparting, which includes not only verbal messages, but all human behaviors (Sundeen et al., 1994). It is a vital part in mental health nursing or psychological care, because its a key to its achievement. It empowers health care provider to help clients in their anguish, to explore more essential data which can help to give better care to the patient. As literature states, interaction and care that is patient focused results in positive patient outcomes and increase chances of diagnostic accuracy (Rouf et al., 2009). There are several barriers to communication, could be from patient side or from the health care provider. On the other hand, managing patients with distinctive mental wellbeing issues is challenging, particularly when the patient is discouraged, detached or unmotivated (Sheldon, 2009). In addition to it, different clients have distinctive needs, as a health care proficient one ought to be equipped enough to evaluate those needs through different abilities, and make client competent enough to assess oneself. This paper will highlight some of the patient’s internal barriers to communicate, such as patient’s unmotivated behavior, and health care provider beliefs such as stigmatization about mentally ill patients which ultimately affect patient care and strategies to limit those barriers simultaneously. The case below is of a patient who was diagnosed with schizophrenia. It will highlight the barriers that can affect good communication: A 23 year old patient came with complain of social isolation. Further history revealed substance abuse since 4 years. While taking interview of the patient, he was drowsy and seems to be not interested in talking. During the interview, late verbal response was observed; he was not maintaining eye contact, answered 4 to 5 questions after emphasizing and consuming lots of time for replying. Moreover, the patient sometimes repeats the same sentence of the interviewer. Due to consumption of plenty of time by the patient, I was not able to take a proper history from the patient, and lots of information remained incomplete. When I reflect back to the patient’s statements and body language, I realized he was unmotivated and discourage due to his substance abuse behavior. Next day, again same behavior was observed. After asking question related to change in behavior, patient reassures that he is at guilt and stated that his family will not accept him again due to his addicted behavior. The above situation highlights many issues, one of them is, substance abuse that itself a source behind criticism for the patient and upon all that patients unmotivated or debilitate conduct. Also, the patient was not maintaing eye contact that resembles his social convictions, as numerous social beliefs may impact the correspondence styles and may affect on mental wellbeing like their way of expression, their family support and their coping mechanism. Some characteristics such as socioeconomic status, occupation, education, gender have more powerful effects on an individual which can alter the person’s behavior their way of communication (Fortinash et al., 2012). A part of the patients own cultural beliefs, the health care providers own values about the patient’s addicted behavior may hinder in patient care. As evidenced by literature that the mental health nurses values and skills shape their practice and care giving behavior (Morrissey et al., 2011). Analyzing the issue from different perspectives of patient and health care provider which leads to ineffective communication. Firstly, the patient was given late verbal responses, as well as communicating in low voice volume, as the patient was diagnosed with schizophrenia, it could be one of the reasons that altered speech and it may be due to the disease process. â€Å"Abnormalities in language are central to psychosis, particularly the schizophrenic syndrome† (Kuperberg et al., 2003). Another related symptom was echolalia which was one of the reasons of consuming more time for replying. A psychotic condition, i.e.; patients with schizophrenia, Echolalia (repeating what someone else just said) may be observed (Kuperberg et al., 2003). Taking in concern this issue, as a health care provider one needs to be competent enough for dealing these kind of patients and certain strategies should be used such as giving more time to the patient to express his feelings, using frequent pa uses, listen to the patient very carefully to make him feel about worth of explaining himself, paraphrase and summarize for the patient to reassure what patient meant to say, provide space without or with minimal distraction, use non verbal communication as interviewer expressions and body language is more communicative such as maintain eye contact other than staring. Moreover,the impact of difficulty in speech may have poor conversational skills, poor social perception and all this may hinder in socialization which could be a cause of isolation (Nacro, 2011) which was stated by the patient in the above scenario. Secondly, patient was apathetic or unmotivated due to his addicted behavior and dealing with such patient could be a challenge for nurses for motivating the client. For such patients, counseling style such as motivational interviewing (MI) was developed by Miller and Rollnick (2002). This is widely used approach for the patients with substance abuse which emphasize on explo ring and reinforcing the intrinsic behavior of the client that leads to motivation of healthy behavior (Barnett et al., 2012). If through this approach client’s motivational level increase so his communication pattern will also improve. Looking forward to the staff internal and external barriers to the communication one of the highlighting issue in this scenario was patient drug addiction which could be a foundation of stigmatization and may limit health care provide to provide efficient care. Here, theoretical framework of VCAT can be applied that choosing, prizing and acting accordingly with the prioritize responsibility of a nurse. Moreover, to gain knowledge about the specific behavior of the patient related to substance abuse and deepen the understanding could be one of the source to give empathy to the patient and change the behavior of oneself and others in society to help patients to recover instead of marginalizing the one in need. If a health care provider his/herself is affirmed in their value the better care will be provided as a result. On institutional level staff training should be provided for therapeutic communication to give quality care. The care of the nurse should be in light of Care Framework to provide holistic care to the patient. According to the scenario, making patient realize the process of self harm by using drugs, using hidden self strength to cope up with such behavior and that realization could be achieved through therapeutic communication. It will enable the patient to engage effectively in health care (Shepperd et al., 2003). To conclude, communication is the basic tool to approach effective care of the patient. Several barriers that can hinder the communication could be from the patient side that results from the disease process or patients own perception or could be a lacking of healthcare provider. Overall, a nurse should be competent enough to evaluate patients need through effective communication process limiting all barriers by using different strategy to indulge patient in his/her own care. References Barnett,E., Sussman,S., Smith,C., Rohrbach,L.A., Spruijt-Metz,D. (212). Motivational Interviewing for adolescent substance use: A review of the literature.Addictive Behaviors,37, 1325–1334. Fortinash,K.M., Holoday-Worret,P.A. (2004).Psychiatric mental health nursing. St. Louis, MO: Mosby. KUPERBERG,G.R., CAPLAN,D. (2003). LANGUAGE DYSFUNCTION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA. Morrissey,J., Callaghan,P. (2011). Communication Skills for Mental Health Nurses: An Introduction.McGraw-Hill International. Nacro. (2011).Speech, language and communication difficulties Young people in trouble with the law. Wales. Rouf,E., Chumley,H., Chumley,A. (2009). Patient-centered interviewing and student performance in a comprehensive clinical skills examination: Is there an association?Patient Education and Counseling,75, 11-15. Retrieved from www.elsevier.com/locate/pateducou Sheldon,L.K. (2009).Communication for nurses: Talking with patients. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. SHEPPERD,C., MCALLISTER,M. (2003). CARE: A framework for responding therapeutically to the client who self-harms.Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing,10, 442–447. Sundeen,S.J. (1998).Nurse-client interaction: Implementing the nursing process. St. Louis: Mosby. Social Networking: Current Trends And Its Future Social Networking: Current Trends And Its Future Its not a rare thing to people around the world nowadays, the social network. Social network becomes trends not only in certain country but worldwide. People in this era make the social network something that you must participate nowadays. Also, its an odd matter if you dont participating in any social network. Not only that, participating in social network are important as people can know you better and also important for communicating and keep in touch with friends and family. Many different definitions are made for social networks. According to dictionary social network is an online community of people with a common interest who use a website or other technologies to communicate with each other and share information, resources, etc. There are some that define social network as a group of individual who share a commonality. In business perspective, social network is the practice of expending the number of ones business and social contacts by making connections through individuals. As for me, social network is a centre to communicate with someone especially friends and family and know their latest activity. Therefore, there are many more definitions that people make from their different perspective. Do you know that social network start from 1997 with the first social site, SixDegrees.com? It operates from 1997 and stop operated in 2001 but has been restarted to the previous members only. In 2002, Friendster is created and a year later followed by Myspace. After that, in 2004 Facebook make it appearance and targeting college students. Then, 2 years later new social network is launched with different approach, Twitter. New social network keep coming until this days. The 21st century has made the social network more interesting and evolves. There are many social networks nowadays. There are many currents trends of social networking. Everyone knows that the Mark Luckerbergs website is the most popular social network, which is Facebook. Facebooks users are more than 900 million users. While, Twitter is one of popular social network but different than Facebook. Its allow users to create messages and post it known as Tweets. Another popular social network is Youtube. Although, its not considered as a social network but it has some social network features. Its a place that allowed you to upload your video to share with others. There also a business social network that is LinkedIn. LinkedIn allowing you to publish your CV, post your business references and search for any business contact. This social network helps many human resources in some companies to search for employees. But, it has limited function and theres a monthly user fee if you want more option. One of the social network that allowed you to take photos and shared them in Instagram. You also can apply various digital filters to a photo before post it. This application usually used by people that have smartphones. These are few examples of social network. There are many more social networks such as LinkedIn, Google+, Instagram, Pinterest, Flicker, Myspace, Foursquare and etc. Around the world, people that spent time online are increasing with the evolution of smart phones. According to Strategy Analytics, the numbers of people using handphones to online have increase four times in the last four years. Also, most time that they spend online is for social networking. Universal Mccann International Social Media Research indicates that much latest news available in internet is from Asia region and the largest community bloggers are located in China and Japan. Not only that, much new information and news can be obtained in the network. Nowadays, social network has become one of the main materials to obtain latest news and information that occur in the country or around the world. Next, social network in employees prospective has become important. They can search information about any company for search job. Also, they can learn about the company for interview or to know what the companies do. Not only that, the human resource department in some companies can obtain information about someone before they employed through social network. This will allow them to know if the person qualified to join the company. Its easy to know about someone nowadays as there are many social networks that can allowed you to know more about them. After social networking are created with different features such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. With this new function are created that most people like to use this days. The function is that it can be simultaneously posting across different social networking. For example, if you want to post a picture in Instagram you can also post it on Facebook or Twitter or both. This will make ones life easy that you dont have to repost it many times. As we know, social network is free and everyone allowed using it but there must be something that must be control. This is for ones safety to use the social networks. For individual, internet privacy is a must. Also, if you want to share something it is up to you but dont share something that is too private. This will be dangerous and there will be negative impact. For example, dont share your personal information such as your identity card, your credit card and etc. Also, in 2012 the European Parliament has proposed about the right to be forgotten. This was a request to removed personal data from internet and from company data base. This action is a precaution to all employers and users. In social network, we cant control what people want to comment or post. But, ones must remember that there is also some etiquette. For example, dont use poor grammar or spelling as it will lead to disastrous consequences. Using harsh words also will make you look bad and people will take action to remove you as their friends. One more thing is that dont constantly asking for followers or friends. This will make people become annoyed. Not only that, filter the content that you want to post and dont post sensitive issues. As mentioned earlier we cant control what people want to post but you must be alert not to post something that are sensitive such as religion issues. For example, there are ones someone posted about religion. She said that some religion is bad and she hates the religion that she mentioned. This kind of things shouldnt happen as we are now in 21st century. In my opinion, she only does it for fun but in reality it hurts many people and it has become big issues. Video call also one of the famous social networking such as Skype. Skype is very useful for many people. It is used to call family and friends and also can see them through video call. Not only that, there are also business people or employees that using Skype for meeting. Its easy as they can have meeting at home or where ever place that they preferred. Nowadays, there are social networkings that are increasing its popularity. WhatsApp is the application used by many smarts phones user, it can send message but through the internet. With this, many people preferred to use internet rather than phones lines. But, there are also applications that are new and its popularity keep increasing that is WeChat. WeChat allowed you to send text message as well as voice message. Although WhatsApp also has the function of sending voice message but WeChat become more popular as you dont have to type out the message. According to a survey, the time that many people spend on Facebook has decreasing compare to several years back. But, this doesnt means that time that people spend in social networking is also decreasing. Nielson Media stated that the time spent in social networking is rising over the previous years. Many will think are people abandoning social network in future? With this the best answer obtained comes from Social Media Analyst and Entrepreneur Bob Zukis. They said that peoples expectations are changing. The social network must have some purpose. At first it is fun to play around with social network without any purpose but at some point it becomes board. Also, do we really want to know what everyone is doing everyday and every time? So, it has to have some obvious purpose. This is because of the absent of this purpose the behavior will cease. At first, the social network has good purpose that is to share with friends and also to keep in touch with friends that are not meet in long time. But, in reality how many people we can keep in touch with? Therefore, we need an application that can directly recruits and times to connect with others will make it more effective. So, what should we do? That is somewhat random approach we take today. This is the idea of future social network. Also, social network will continue to be used but using which social network is not the question but what we want to accomplish is the main point.

My Dad the Fisherman Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay about my family

My dad won't sit on the riverbank anymore. He won't tell any more fishermen's tales. He won't cast his fly again and though his creel may be empty my eyes are filled with tears. My dad was a quiet man. He liked the solitude of fishing. He liked to be one with nature. It wouldn't occur to him that he was so popular, that he will be missed so much. Yet the very fact that so many mourn his passing says much more about him, and his kindness, than mere words. My dad, you see, did his good deeds by stealth. He never advertised the fact that he helped so many people in so many different ways. He never talked about his numerous acts of kindness. Yet I believe that almost everyone he knew has been at the receiving end of that kindness. He may have loaned a book that was especially relevant ...

Hiroshima :: essays research papers

The biggest and bloodiest war ever fought on the face of the earth, World War II, was coming to a deadly end. The allied forces were starting to run out of options and resources. The United States of America decided to unleash the most destructive force they had, the power of the atom. Many supporters of the Atomic Bomb say that even though it killed thousands in Japan, it saved millions more everywhere else.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the number of supporters of the bomb there were that many more skeptics that believed the atom bomb would never work. Some reasons that contributed to this theory were that it was so complex that someone working on it made a mistake somewhere. One of the major skeptics of the atomic bomb was Albert Einstein himself, which made many more people become skeptical. (â€Å"Hiroshima† 1998)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The pilot that dropped the atomic bomb was Colonel Paul Tibbets of the 509th Bomber squadron (James Chan â€Å"Hiroshima† 1997) and he was flying the Enola Gay, which was named after his mother and was a B-29-45-MD Super fortress. (Peter Wyden â€Å"Day One† 1984)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was 2:45 A.M. when the Enola Gay took off, after it got going it was flying at a ground speed of 330 M.P.H. The flight was going to take six and a half hours until they reached Hiroshima on the Honshu Island on Japan (U.S. National Archives â€Å"Hiroshima† 1999). Even though the crew knew their destination, Hiroshima, their target, the iota T-bridge, and that they were dropping a bomb, they didn’t know that it was an atomic bomb that would take out almost the entire city. (Peter Wyden â€Å"Day One† 1984) The name of the Bomb was named the â€Å"Little Boy† and it weighed 10,000 lbs. 137.5 of that was pure Uranium. When the bomb detonated the Uranium split into two and it started a fission chain reaction (â€Å"Hiroshima† 1998). The fireball created by the bomb was equal to six and a half tons of TNT. The heat in the hypocenter reached upwards to 3000 degrees Celsius (James Chan â€Å"Hiroshima† 1997). Within a mile of the blast fences, railroad ties and trees ignited from the heat. In the hypocenter iron melted and 900 feet from the hypocenter granite melted (Peter Wyden â€Å"Day One† 1984). The bomb was detonated at approximately 9:15 a.m. on August 6, 1945. Seen from five and a half miles away the explosion was 10 times as bright as the sun (James Chan â€Å"Hiroshima† 1997).

Expansion and the Evolutionary Lottery :: Evolution Essays

Expansion and the Evolutionary Lottery For a young scholar learning the basic concepts of science and biology, evolution was this grand theory of past life becoming more like present life over time via the utilization of such complicated and foreboding means as "natural selection" and "survival of the fittest." I came to understand that there was endless diversity of life, and variation was a result of the interactions of organisms with their environments. Natural selection placed pressure on the organisms forcing adaptations to be made, hence new species to arise over time. The oversimplified image of evolution that began to form in my head involved one single organism adapting to its environment and undergoing change in its own life span, therefore that one organism experiences evolution in action. I didn't think evolution was a process of becoming more "perfect" necessarily, but "better suited for more diverse situations," which boiled down to being better. Obviously this picture I was conjuring up was far from the mos t scientifically logical, and I was surprised and impressed to hear a better explanation. Evolution is depicted as an inconceivably time- consuming and expansion-driven process; it is not about "survival of the fittest" or being perfect, rather the most able to produce genetically variable offspring (less likely to be eliminated by natural selection). The major discrepancy between the two (oversimplified and clarified) formulations of evolution is the importance of random innate expansion, which arguably is a quality assigned not only to energy and matter on Earth, but also to evolution and as the entire universe. One of the simpler discrepancies in my illogical view of evolution merely involved timescale and the mechanism of change. A single organism cannot evolve within its own life span because of environmental pressure. The very first of Mayr's seventeen principles of inheritance states, "genetic material is constant ('hard'); it cannot be changed by the environment or by use and disuse of the phenotype... Genes cannot be modified by the environment... There is no inheritance of acquired characters" (Mayr, 2001, p. 91). Therefore, one organism cannot possibly experience evolution in action as a result of environmental interactions. The term adaptation creates some confusion here because it is so often coupled with evolutionary change and expresses a change suited for certain environmental conditions. The fact of the matter is evolution, as well as adaptation, occur over many generations and changes are not directly related to the conditions of the environment.

Part Five Chapter I

Privilege 7.32 A person who has made a defamatory statement may claim privilege for it if he can show that he made it without malice and in pursuit of a public duty. Charles Arnold-Baker Local Council Administration, Seventh Edition I Terri Weedon was used to people leaving her. The first and greatest departure had been her mother's, who had never said goodbye, but had simply walked out one day with a suitcase while Terri was at school. There had been lots of social workers and care workers after she ran away at fourteen, and some of them had been nice enough, but they all left at the end of the working day. Every fresh departure added a fine new layer to the crust building over her core. She had had friends in care, but at sixteen they were all on their own, and life had scattered them. She met Ritchie Adams, and she bore him two children. Tiny little pink things, pure and beautiful like nothing in the whole world: and they had come out of her, and for shining hours in the hospital, twice, it had been like her own rebirth. And then they took the children from her, and she never saw them again, either. Banger had left her. Nana Cath had left her. Nearly everybody went, hardly anyone stayed. She ought to be used to it by now. When Mattie, her regular social worker, reappeared, Terri demanded, ‘Where's the other one?' ‘Kay? She was only covering for me while I was ill,' said Mattie. ‘So, where's Liam? No †¦ I mean Robbie, don't I?' Terri did not like Mattie. For one thing, she did not have kids, and how could people who didn't have kids tell you how to raise them, how could they understand? She had not liked Kay, exactly, either †¦ except that Kay gave you a funny feeling, the same feeling that Nana Cath had once given Terri, before she had called her a whore and told her she never wanted to see her again †¦ you felt, with Kay – even though she carried folders, like the rest of them, even though she had instituted the case review – you felt that she wanted things to go right for you, and not only for the forms. You really did feel that. But she was gone, and she probably don't even think about us now, thought Terri furiously. On Friday afternoon, Mattie told Terri that Bellchapel would almost certainly close. ‘It's political,' she said briskly. ‘They want to save money, but methadone treatment's unpopular with the District Council. Plus, Pagford wants them out of the building. It was all in the local paper, maybe you saw it?' Sometimes she spoke to Terri like that, veering into a kind of after-all-we're-in-this-together small-talk that jarred, because it sat alongside enquiries as to whether Terri was remembering to feed her son. But this time it was what she said, rather than how she said it, that upset Terri. ‘They're closin' it?' she repeated. ‘It looks that way,' said Mattie breezily, ‘but it won't make any difference to you. Well, obviously †¦' Three times Terri had embarked upon the programme at Bellchapel. The dusty interior of the converted church with its partition walls and its flyers, the bathroom with its neon-blue light (so you could not find veins and shoot up in there), had become familiar and almost friendly. Lately, she had begun to sense in the workers there a change in the way they spoke to her. They had all expected her to fail again, in the beginning, but they had started talking to her the way Kay had talked: as if they knew a real person lived inside her pockmarked, burned body. ‘ †¦ obviously, it will be different, but you can get your methadone from your GP instead,' said Mattie. She flipped over pages in the distended file that was the state's record of Terri's life. ‘You're registered with Dr Jawanda in Pagford, right? Pagford †¦ why are you going all the way out there?' ‘I smacked a nurse at Cantermill,' said Terri, almost absent-mindedly. After Mattie had left, Terri sat for a long time in her filthy chair in the sitting room, gnawing at her nails until they bled. The moment Krystal came home, bringing Robbie back from nursery, she told her that they were closing Bellchapel. ‘They ain't decided yet,' said Krystal with authority. ‘The fuck do you know?' demanded Terri. ‘They're closin' it, and now they say I've gotta go to fuckin' Pagford to that bitch that killed Nana Cath. Well, I fuckin' ain't.' ‘You gotta,' said Krystal. Krystal had been like this for days; bossing her mother, acting as though she, Krystal, was the grown-up. ‘I ain' gotta do fuckin' anythin',' said Terri furiously. ‘Cheeky little bitch,' she added, for good measure. ‘If you start fuckin' usin' again,' said Krystal, scarlet in the face, ‘they'll take Robbie away.' He was still holding Krystal's hand, and burst into tears. ‘See?' both women shouted at each other. ‘You're fuckin' doin' it to him!' shouted Krystal. ‘An' anyway, that doctor didn' do nuthin' to Nana Cath, that's all jus' Cheryl an' them talking shit!' ‘Fuckin' little know-it-all, ain't yeh?' yelled Terri. ‘You know fuck-all – ‘ Krystal spat at her. ‘Get the fuck out!' screamed Terri, and because Krystal was bigger and heavier she seized a shoe lying on the floor and brandished it. ‘Gerrout!' ‘I fuckin' will!' yelled Krystal. ‘An' I'll take Robbie an' all, an' you can stay here an' fuckin' screw Obbo an' make another one!' She dragged the wailing Robbie out with her before Terri could stop her. Krystal marched him all the way to her usual refuge, forgetting that at this time in the afternoon, Nikki would still be hanging around outside somewhere, not at home. It was Nikki's mum who opened the door, in her Asda uniform. ‘He ain' stayin' ‘ere,' she told Krystal firmly, while Robbie whined and tried to pull his hand from Krystal's tight grip. ‘Where's your mum?' ‘Home,' said Krystal, and everything else she wanted to say evaporated in the older woman's stern gaze. So she returned to Foley Road with Robbie, where Terri, bitterly triumphant, grabbed her son's arm, pulled him inside and blocked Krystal from entering. †Ad enough of him already, ‘ave yeh?' Terri jeered, over Robbie's wails. ‘Fuck off.' And she slammed the door. Terri had Robbie sleep beside her on her own mattress that night. She lay awake and thought about how little she needed Krystal, and ached for her as badly as she had ever craved smack. Krystal had been angry for days. The thing that Krystal had said about Obbo †¦ (‘She said what?' he had laughed, incredulously, when they had met in the street, and Terri had muttered something about Krystal being upset.) †¦ he wouldn't have done it. He couldn't have. Obbo was one of the few people who had hung around. Terri had known him since she was fifteen. They had gone to school together, hung out in Yarvil while she was in care, swigged cider together beneath the trees on the footpath that cut its way through the small patch of remaining farmland beside the Fields. They had shared their first joint. Krystal had never liked him. Jealous, thought Terri, watching Robbie sleep in the street light pouring through the thin curtains. Just jealous. He's done more for me than anyone, thought Terri defiantly, because when she tallied kindnesses she subtracted abandonment. Thus all of Nana Cath's care had been annihilated by her rejection. But Obbo had hidden her, once, from Ritchie, the father of her first two children, when she had fled the house barefoot and bleeding. Sometimes he gave her free bags of smack. She saw them as equivalent kindnesses. His refuges were more reliable than the little house in Hope Street that she had once, for three glorious days, thought was home. Krystal did not return on Saturday morning, but that was nothing new; Terri knew she must be at Nikki's. In a rage, because they were low on food, and she was out of cigarettes, and Robbie was whining for his sister, she stormed into her daughter's room and kicked her clothes around, searching for money or the odd, overlooked fag. Something clattered as she threw aside Krystal's crumpled old rowing kit, and she saw the little plastic jewellery box, upended, with the rowing medal that Krystal had won, and Tessa Wall's watch lying beneath it. Terri picked up the watch and stared at it. She had never seen it before. She wondered where Krystal had got it. Her first assumption was that Krystal had stolen it, but then she wondered whether she might have been given it by Nana Cath, or even left it in Nana Cath's will. That was a much more troubling thought than the idea of the watch being stolen. The idea of the sneaky little bitch hiding it away, treasuring it, never mentioning it †¦ Terri put the watch inside the pocket of her tracksuit bottoms and bellowed for Robbie to come with her to the shops. It took ages to get him into his shoes, and Terri lost her temper and slapped him. She wished she could go to the shop alone, but the social workers did not like you leaving kids behind in the house, even though you could get things done much quicker without them. ‘Where's Krystal?' wailed Robbie, as she manhandled him out of the door. ‘I wan' Krystal!' ‘I dunno where the little tart is,' snapped Terri, dragging him along the road. Obbo was on the corner beside the supermarket, talking to two men. When he saw her he raised a hand in greeting, and his two companions walked away. †Ow's Ter?' he said. ‘N'bad,' she lied. ‘Robbie, leggo.' He was digging his fingers so tightly into her thin leg that it hurt. ‘Listen,' said Obbo, ‘couldja keep a bit more stuff for me fer a bit?' ‘Kinda stuff?' asked Terri, prising Robbie off her leg and holding his hand instead. ‘Coupla bags o' stuff,' said Obbo. ‘Really help me out, Ter.' †Ow long for?' ‘Few days. Bring it round this evenin'. Will yeh?' Terri thought of Krystal, and what she would say if she knew. ‘Yeah, go on then,' said Terri. She remembered something else, and pulled Tessa's watch out of her pocket. ‘Gonna sell this, whaddaya reckon?' ‘Not bad,' said Obbo, weighing it in his hand. ‘I'll give yeh twenty for it. Bring it over tonight?' Terri had thought the watch might be worth more, but she did not like to challenge him. ‘Yeah, all righ' then.' She took a few steps towards the supermarket entrance, hand in hand with Robbie, but then turned abruptly. ‘I ain' usin' though,' she said. ‘So don' bring †¦' ‘Still on the mixture?' he said, grinning at her through his thick glasses. ‘Bellchapel's done for, mind. All in the paper.' ‘Yeah,' she said miserably, and she tugged Robbie towards the entrance of the supermarket. ‘I know.' I ain't going to Pagford, she thought, as she picked biscuits off the shelf. I ain't going there. She was almost inured to constant criticism and assessment, to the sideways glance of passers-by, to abuse from the neighbours, but she was not going to go all the way to that smug little town to get double helpings; to travel back in time, once a week, to the place where Nana Cath had said she would keep her, but let her go. She would have to pass that pretty little school that had sent horrible letters home about Krystal, saying that her clothes were too small and too dirty, that her behaviour was unacceptable. She was afraid of long-forgotten relatives emerging from Hope Street, as they squabbled over Nana Cath's house, and of what Cheryl would say, if she knew that Terri had entered into voluntary dealings with the Paki bitch who had killed Nana Cath. Another mark against her, in the family that despised her. ‘They ain't making me go to fuckin' Pagford,' Terri muttered aloud, pulling Robbie towards the checkout.